Research Study on the Occurance of Changes in HL-60 Cells

HL-60 cells are cells that are capable of differentiating into many different types of cells. Cell differentiation is a biological process where a more specialized cell is formed from a less specialized cell type. This differentiation can be induced by using specific chemical agents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Cellular differentiation is important because if we can understand how differentiation can be induced, we can apply those mechanisms to situations where terminal differentiation in cells has occurred. In this experiment, our goal is to view the different changes that will occur in HL-60 cells when we induce this type of differentiation. More specifically, we are focusing on mRNA transcript production in the HL-60 cells that have been treated with DMSO or PMA. We want to focus on this because it will allow us to see changes in gene expression due to signal transduction mechanisms that are induced by the PMA and DMSO in these ce lls after they have been treated with these chemical agents (Cirtain, Middelstadt, Higgins, Polson, 2014). Signal transduction in this experiment happens when PMA binds to a surface receptor and stimulates the upregulation of the secondary messenger in the signal transduction pathway, which leads to the protein product in the cell’s nucleus. This in turn stimulates specific transcription factor binding on the DNA, which results in an increase in transcription of MMP-9 (Cirtain et al, 2014).

Describe The Effects Of The Blitz On Everyday Life Free Essays

In the attempt to describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life, I will explain what people did before the war began and the actions took to get Britain through the Blitz. Before the Blitz there were many precautions people took incase war was declared on Britain. One of these was gas masks. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe The Effects Of The Blitz On Everyday Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now A gas mask was issued to men, women and children incase gas bombs were dropped. Most homed were equipped with either an Anderson shelter, which was a home built shelter in the garden, or a Morrison shelter, a shelter built underneath the kitchen table. The blackouts began two days before the war began. Under blackout rules, everyone had to cover up their windows at night with black material. This was to make it difficult for German bombers to find their target in the dark. The street lamps were turned off and often people bumped into one another. Traffic accidents were more common because car headlights had to be blacked out, and deaths from drowning increased as people fell off bridges or walked into ponds. The evacuation begun on Friday 1 February, the day German troops invaded Poland. Most children were evacuated in school groups with their teachers. Children and their teachers would meet in the school grounds, where they would get name tags and told to keep their gas masks in the cardboard boxes. Many children were sometimes sent to farms and made to work. Some were sent to big country houses or stately homes. Many of these children had never been out into the country before. Lots of them from the slums were surprised to find themselves staying in houses with inside toilets and carpets. For some children, their parents decided to keep them at home in the city instead of being evacuated. Rationing was introduced due to the shortage of food and the fact that no food could come by ship from over-seas. You were only allowed a certain amount of clothes, food and other household goods. You also still had to pay for them. Ration books were full of coupons which could be cut out and used to buy a fixed amount of rationed foods each week or month. Every time a housewife bought something she had to give a coupon. When she had used up a particular coupon for one week she had to wait until the following week before she could buy any more. Food was very hard to get a hold of, so people were encouraged to grow vegetables in order to feed their family. Cartoon characters called Potato Pete and Dr. Carrot appeared on leaflets, telling people to eat plenty of these foods. The slogan â€Å"Dig for Victory† appeared on posters and banners to encourage people to grow their own food. Meat was hard to get hold of so the government advised people to eat rabbits. In total 1. 4 million homes – one third of London’s housing stock – were damaged or destroyed in the Blitz. Electricity, gas and water supplies were disrupted. The impact on civilian morale in London was severe. Some Londoners later recalled that things were close to breaking point: the daily bombings and sleepless nights took their toll. Looting from bombed shops and empty houses was rife. However, the general mood of perseverance became known as the Blitz Spirit. In all, 18,000 tons of high explosives had been dropped on England during eight months of the Blitz. A total of 18,629 men, 16,201 women, and 5,028 children were killed along with 695 unidentified charred bodies. The role of women during the Blitz was very important for helping on the home front. The Women’s Voluntary Service provided fire fighters with tea and refreshments when the clear-up took place after a bombing raid during the blitz. They also provided tea and refreshment for the people sheltering in the underground. At first, only single women aged 20-30 were called up, but by mid-1943, almost 90 per cent of single women and 80 per cent of married women were working in factories, on the land or in the armed forces. In all 640,000 women were in the armed force, 5,000 serving with guns and providing essential air defence, 80,000 thousand in the Land Army plus many more who flew unarmed aircraft, drove ambulances, worked as nurses and worked behind enemy lines in the European resistance. Overall, there were many different effects of the Blitz on everyday life from the evacuation of children to the rationing of food and other household goods. How to cite Describe The Effects Of The Blitz On Everyday Life, Papers

Management Policy and Organizational Success

Question: Discuss about the Management Policy and Organizational Success. Answer: Introduction A good management policy and organizational success is dependent on the formulation of goals and objectives (Silva, 2015). An organization would not be able to perform on a day to day basis if it doesnt have a strong mission or vision. A mission statement helps the company to formulate the way which should be followed for achieving the organizational success. Two companies are being selected for the purpose of study- Blackmores and Brambles. Blackmores is a reputed natural health organization which is based in Australia (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The organization, founded by Maurice Blackmore, believes in the principle of naturopath (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). It engages in development of new products as well as the services associated with the management of nutrients, vitamins, herbs and minerals. Brambles Limited is considered as one of the largest supply chain logistics group in Australia (Brambles, 2016). It was founded on the year 1875 and has its presence in 850 countries. The primary products of the company include outsourcing management of pallets, containers and crates. The report would provide a comparison and contrast of the two companies with respect to its mission/vision statement, CSR initiatives, organizational values and the stakeholders involved. The mission statement is being defined for both the companies and their alignment with the S.M.A.R.T principle is underlined. This principle checks whether the goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound. This would determine if the values would contribute to the organizational effectiveness. Mission Statement Blackmores strives to be the pioneers in natural health while Brambles aims to reach the topmost rank in the innovative business solutions of the support services (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). Blackmores aim to undertake a holistic approach in the health and well-being of the patients whereas Brambles strive to outsource their expertise which can add additional value to the customers. Brambles aim to design enhanced shareholder value by the development of efficient human resources of the company (Brambles, 2016). On the other hand, the strategy of Blackmores is little different. It strives to present reliable information to the customers by offering them premium quality products. Values of the organization There are differences between the organizational values of the two companies. Blackmores has incorporated the core values to their organizational culture (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The values can be defined by the acronym PIRLS. It stands for the values such as Passion for Natural Health, Integrity, Respect, Leadership and Social Responsibility (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The Passion for Natural Health explores enthusiastic approach of the company in formulating holistic approach to the different health initiatives. The integrity value of the organization implies that the organization is honest, trustworthy and committed to highest level of personal, business and professional behaviors (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles believes in incorporating integrity along with respect for the related communities. The company engages in the creation of innovative organizational culture. Blackmores treats the employees of the organization in dignified and fair manner (Blackmore s.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles, displays high level of passion for the purpose of achieving organizational success (Brambles, 2016). The company is committed to the promotion of safety and diversity of the employees. This aspect is similarly observed in Blackmores also, where the organization places high importance to diversity. The leadership value in Blackmores is related with influencing the employees by the wisdom, experience and knowledge of the senior management. On the other hand, Brambles puts high importance on the team spirit of the employees (Brambles, 2016). It also believes in the principle of incorporating innovative culture in the organization. The social responsibility value of Blackmores indicates that the actions of the company put high importance to care, respect and compassion among the employees. It also fosters the environment aspects and the concerns of the broader community. On the other hand, the Brambles puts highest importance to the customer s and believes in optimum customer satisfaction for better business prospects. Alignment of goals to the SMART objectives The SMART principles specify the ideal nature of the goals. The goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound (Silva, 2015). The mission statement of the companies do not fully satisfies the SMART principle. They only fulfill the specific, achievable, measurable and realistic aspects of the principle and fail to define the time bound nature of the goals. The mission or the vision statement of the companies do not measure the time bound aspects of the goals. They do not mention about the time lines within which the goals must be fulfilled. The mission statement of Brambles and Blackmores mentions specifically the position that it wants to achieve. One can also measure whether the company is able to reach the topmost position and it is achievable and possible to attain. The values of Brambles satisfy the SMART principles. They mention the specific attributes of the company which are observed in the organization. It is possible to achieve the values and impl ement them in the organization. On the other hand, Blackmores do not fulfill the measurable and time bound aspects of the SMART acronym. This is because of the fact that it is not possible to measure the attributes mentioned in the PIRLS parameter. However, it fulfills the other criteria such as achievable, specific and realistic. The organizational culture is particularly stated and there is high integrity. A high level of team spirit can be observed in the organization. It is possible to attain high levels of customer satisfaction. A realistic approach has been taken to formulate the organizational values and hence it satisfies the SMART principle. Corporate Social Responsibility Blackmores concentrates on designing the product packaging that are creative and also cause minimal environmental damage (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). It concentrates on the recycling of wastes by incorporating appropriate policies in the organization functioning. The business plan of the organization focuses on reducing the plastic wastes generated along with the inbound cardboard (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The organization has promoted the use of glass in the organization since it has superior content protection and can be recycled easily. The organization is engaged with organizations such as Bilgola Surf Life Saving Club, Cancer Council, WWF, Heart Research Institute and Exodus Foundation (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). On the other hand, Brambles focus on the important aspects of Corporate Social Responsibility such as environmental issues and economic issues (Brambles, 2016). It performs zero harm principle and the company aims to do minimal damage to the environment. This is done by performing careful activities towards the environment and minimizes the activities that have the probability of causing harm to the environment (Brambles, 2016). It efficiently utilizes the resources which can reduce the bad effects towards the environment. For example, the company aims to reduce carbon emissions, reduce global warming and takes actions for improving their physical environment. It also aims for better supply chain collaboration, people inclusion, integrity, people learning and people engagement tasks. The company has incorporated sustainability in the core business functions. Involvement of Stakeholders Blackmores takes active steps in the identification of the stakeholders who would help the company in forming a strong business and deliver an innovative culture (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The company considers the stakeholders as the most important aspect of promoting innovative business practices. The Governing Board of the company specifies that the needs of the stakeholders should be addressed properly (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). The company believes that the stakeholders should be managed in such a way that the organization derives maximum benefit (Blackmores.com.au, 2016). There should be mutual operation between all the stakeholders of the organization. Brambles, on the other hand, focus on transparent communication with all the stakeholders (Brambles, 2016). The identified stakeholders of the company include the investors, customers, employees, suppliers and external entities. The crucial stakeholders in the external environment include the vendors, government agencies and others (Brambles, 2016). The identification of the stakeholders is important and their viewpoints are important for organizational achievement (Brambles, 2016). The feedbacks and viewpoints of the stakeholders are included in the core business policies of the organization (Brambles, 2016). The stakeholders are an important component in the sustainability report of the company. Conclusion The setting of goals is one of the most important responsibilities of the organization. The goal setting helps the company to have a long term vision as well as short term motivation of the employees. Goals are capable of taking the organizations forward. An effective goal also helps the company to realize its vision and work towards fulfilling it. This paper strives to compare the goal setting activities of two companies in Australia namely Blackmores and Brambles. Brambles aim to be the pioneers in the market and undertake a holistic approach. Blackmores, on the other hand, aims to be the market leader, by infusing an element of creativity in the organizational culture. The goals of the company are being compared with the SMART principles and this report aims to understand the applicability of goal setting in practical organizations. References Blackmores.com.au, 2016.Blackmores vitamins and supplements- Australia's most trusted. [online] Blackmores.com.au. Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016] Brambles,2016.Brambles. [online] Brambles Corporate Site. Available at: https://www.brambles.com [Accessed 5 Dec. 2016] Silva, L., 2015. Goals? What Are These Goals of Which You Speak?.Women in Higher Education, 24(5), pp.16-16.

Many People Know Tons Of Stuff About Their Distant Relatives, Because

Many people know tons of stuff about their distant relatives, because their family has passed on much information throughout the years. In my life today ethnic heritage does not play all that big of a role. The only thing I really know is that my distant relatives used to live in Ireland. I think the reason I don't know very much is that my family from anywhere other than America is so distant like as in it all happened so many years ago, so all I see my self as today is a pure American. I don't think knowing this type of information is particularly necessary information to know. Some people may think that it is but I for one do not think so. The role of ethnic tradition has not typically played itself well in my life. For some reasons I would, and for some reasons I wouldn't like to know more about my family history. First, I would like to know more, like what kind of traditions my family had and what kinds of food were special to them. I just would like to know the basics of my history nothing too special like what they went through in immigration or anything like that. That kind of stuff gets too complicated sometimes. I dont know, maybe if I found out something that interested me that happened with my family It would spark an interest but until then I am fine with not knowing very much. Maybe one reason my family dosent continue traditions is because we are the ones that primarily start the new traditions. I think it is a good thing to start new traditions because eventually over the years traditions will start to die out in that particular family. So families should try to make their own, and pass thoes new traditions on to their relatives and so on. Everyone knows, even though they might not think of it, that traditions have to start somewhere. You cant just say to your self, "OH, well we just do it because its always been that way." Because the truth is, that it hasn't always been that way. Someone had to start it. Some of my families traditions are going to church on Christmas eve, and going to the Christmas tree farm and spending the day trying to find the most perfect Christmas tree and then cutting it down ourselves. Also, after we are done cutting it down, we have a tailgate party outside at the tree farm and drink hot cider, hot chocolate, and we listen to Polka music. I particularly do not enjoy listening to the Polka music, but everything else about the day is great, and I think it is a wonderful tradition that was begun in my generation. I think the tradition started about 6 years ago when we got an ad in the mail publicizing this tree company. My mom decided it would be a good idea to try something new rather than going and getting a non fresh tree. So we went to the place and ended up having a great time. Six years later and we are still carrying out the tradition. I really think that it is a good tradition that could last a long time. I know that I will take my kids to a fresh tree farm. During this project I learned a couple things about my lineage. One thing I learned is the name of the 1st Binford in America. His name was Anthony Binford he came to America in the 1630's from England. He came over on a boat, and settled in Virginia. Another interesting thing about this is that he was a tobacco farmer and a slave owner on his own plantation. Anthony Binford was the first American Binford and he is the very top of the family tree for all of the Binford's in America today. For my moms side of the family I didn't really learn anything. All I know about her side is the stuff I did a report on when I was in 8th grade, and that itself did not amount to very much. The only thing I learned is that my moms side

Sun King Brewing Company

Sun King Brewing Company Strengths Sun King Brewing Company is a small, family-friendly business. The co owners of the company have an inspiring story on how they started it. Dave Colt and Clay Robinson were restaurant workers who had a passion for brewing beers. They also wanted to provide the people of Indiana with a home brew that grew their local economy. These stories inspire many locals to purchase their products and stay true to their brand.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sun King Brewing Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has an aggressive marketing strategy that works wonders for it. It holds promotional tours and has a discount Friday, where clients get to sample free beer. Furthermore, the business has a strong public relations policy. It participates in several community events and builds a lot of clout amongst local buyers. In this Brewery, the business culture is quite homey. Employees feel like they are part of something special as they are treated with respect. The organization has also garnered the reputation of being one of the best places to work in Indiana. The company offers life and disability insurance. It also gives workers free meals at least thrice weekly and pays them relatively well.  The key strength in the firm’s product is its freshness. Sun King sells its product to individuals within Indiana, so beer gets to them in a fresh state. This approach is in line with many people’s preferences for organic and freshly made goods. Additionally, the firm is highly creative as it sells a diverse array of specialty beers. The co-founders strive to use a meticulous process that yields consistent products (Yelp 6). Weaknesses The size of the company limits its effectiveness as employees tend to be overworked. A person like Clay Robinson carries out multiple duties such as public relations, marketing, delivery, supplies and equipment management, and even play s the role of a janitor. While multitasking may endear locals to the co owner, it undermines his effectiveness in carrying out all the jobs effectively. This explains why the rate of growth of the company is rather slow.  Some of their beer brands are not popular in the state. A number of customers that have tasted brands like ESB and Wee Mac assert that they are overwhelming. The company finds it difficult to strike a balance between the diverse arrays of tastes within its target market. In an effort to appeal to a larger client base, the organization has made some of its beers bland. The product packaging is also a subject of intense debate. Some of the buyers would like to buy the beer in pints but do not have such an opportunity. Growler fillers are a great way of marketing the product but to keep customers loyal to the organization, it needs to make the beer available in more portable packages.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opportunities Beer making can always be improved upon. A series of ingredients such as yeast or malt could be changed in order to make the product more appealing. Some clients may take Sun King beer for its sentimental value rather than its actual taste. In fact, a series of Indiana natives feel that the Brewery does not make the best beer in the state. Since it is relatively small, the organization can continue to experiment and establish a beer that many locals appreciate and love. Additionally, the company has often worn awards for its specialty beers, but the firm’s flagship brands are not as appreciated. Therefore, it needs to improve the taste of its flagship brands as this will elicit positive responses from consumers. The organization ought to consider what its top competitors make and borrow some ideas from them.  Sun King’s operating hours are inflexible and unsound for a Brewer. The organization closes during the holidays, after 5pm as well as on Sundays. While these working hours may apply to organizations that do not focus on leisure, the same is not true for Sun King. Craft beer needs to be delivered when fresh, so making it available throughout the weekend is imperative. The firm needs to consider opening on Sundays and closing on Monday. Alternatively, it needs to have a shift system that will make it more flexible. Threats Companies like Upland, which boast of having created the craft beer industry in Indiana, may step up their campaigns on the basis of this advantage. Currently, Sun King is one of the most heavily marketed craft beer makers. It needs to keep up with this momentum if it hopes to maintain its position. Such competitors could reclaim their place as pioneers and thus outsmart Sun King. The option of offering company tours can be borrowed by other competitors as it requires nothing special. Other breweries have larger spaces to accommoda te visiting clients and may also offer satisfactory customer service. This may take away some buyers from Sun King.  Price is one of the key competitive advantages for the Brewery. It offers its house growlers for $5 and then sells them at $6.50 in other premises (Yelp 6). This approach has made the company’s offerings the most affordable craft beers in the state. However, competing on price always makes a business susceptible to price wars. Its competitors may decide to take it on, and they might win due to economies of scale.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sun King Brewing Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yelp. Sun King Brewing. 2013. Web.

Powerful Action Verbs That Will Make Your Resume Look Like a Million Bucks

Powerful Action Verbs That Will Make Your Resume Look Like a Million Bucks Try spicing up your resume or cover letter with a few failsafe action verbs, to really show your stuff. Get a little more creative and give the hiring manager something to get excited about, rather than the same old humdrum list of verbs they see on every other resume. If you led a project, don’t just say â€Å"led.† Try one of these instead:Chaired, Controlled, Coordinated, Executed, Headed, Operated, Orchestrated, Organized, Oversaw, Planned, Produced, or ProgrammedIf you want to highlight an achievement or mention an award, here are a bunch of stellar verbs to choose from:Accelerated, Generated, Prescribed, Accomplished, Grew, Produced, Achieved, Prevailed, Arose, Improved, Raised, Attained, Increased, Realized, Awarded, Introduces, Reduced, Lessened, Revitalized, Completed, Mastered, Streamlined, Maximized, Surpassed, Circumvented, Minimized, Topped, Established, Outperformed, Transformed, Exceeded, Won, Founded, or OvercameIf you brought a project to life- not just led it, but envisioned it, from start to finish, and did something new and fresh:Administered, Built, Charted, Created, Designed, Developed, Devised, Founded, Engineered, Established, Formalized, Formed, Formulated, Implemented, Incorporated, Initiated, Instituted, Introduced, Launched, Pioneered, or SpearheadedIf you came up with a solution to save your company time or money, or you helped your team operate more efficiently or cost-effectively, try these instead of the ordinary â€Å"solved†:Conserved, Consolidated, Decreased, Deducted, Diagnosed, Lessened, Reconciled, Reduced, or YieldedIf you boosted the bottom line, in either sales or revenue, or just plain old customer satisfaction:Accelerated, Achieved, Advanced, Amplified, Boosted, Capitalized, Delivered, Enhanced, Expanded, Expedited, Furthered, Gained, Generated, Improved, Lifted, Maximized, Outpaced, Stimulated, or SustainedIf you changed or improved something dramatically for the better, try using some of these sp icy verbs to describe your success:Centralized, Clarified, Converted, Customized, Influenced, Integrated, Merged, Modified, Overhauled, Redesigned, Refined, Refocused, Rehabilitated, Remodeled, Reorganized, Replaced, Restructured, Revamped, Revitalized, Simplified, Standardized, Streamlined, Strengthened, Updated, Upgraded, or TransformedIf you landed a new account or a partner, or maybe a major donor or other source of funding, try:Acquired, Forged, Navigated, Negotiated, Partnered, or SecuredIf your job includes research or fact-finding and you really killed it, don’t just say â€Å"Researched.† Try:Analyzed, Assembled, Assessed, Audited, Calculated, Discovered, Evaluated, Examined, Explored, Forecasted, Identified, Interpreted, Investigated, Mapped, Measured, Qualified, Quantified, Surveyed, Tested, TrackedAnd if you were a communications superstar, speaking, lobbying, writing, etc. to further your cause:Authored, Briefed, Campaigned, Co-authored, Composed, Conveyed , Convinced, Corresponded, Counseled, Critiqued, Defined, Documented, Edited, Illustrated, Lobbied, Persuaded, Promoted, Publicized, ReviewedIn short, don’t be afraid to bring a little sexy into your document. It can really help you stand out among the other applicants in the crowd.

Analysis MYB26 gene and male sterile and Anther dehiesence Literature review

Analysis MYB26 gene and male sterile and Anther dehiesence - Literature review Example The Arabidopsis plant produce flowers from April to early June. The plants of this family are known as crucifers due to their uniform flower structure that resembles a ‘cross’ and are also characterized by a fruit named silique which is 5-20mm long with 20-30 seeds. The leaves are alternate (rarely opposite) and sometimes organized in basal rosettes. Figure 1. Arabidopsis thaliana plant: Left, the vegetative stage, before flowering and growth of the floral stalk (bottom left). On the centre an adult plant at full flowering/seed set. On the right, flower, floral stem and seeds. White bars represent 1 cm, except for flower and seeds: 1 mm. (image from http://www-ijpb.versailles.inra.fr/en/arabido/arabido.htm) Taxonomy of A. thaliana Genus Arabidopsis has several species but A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. 2n=10 is the most studied as the model plant. Kingdom: Plantae Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Arabidopsis Species: Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Importance of A. thaliana as a model plant Though it has no significant economic value, A. thaliana is widely used as a model plant in studying a wide range of subjects in plant science. This was first proposed as a model plant by Friedrich Laibact in 1943 (Meyerowitz, 2001) and now it is used extensively in studies based on evolution, genetics, population genetics and plant development. It is widely applied in genetic transformation studies, chromosomal analysis, genetic mapping and genome sequencing work. One important trait that makes A. thaliana an ideal model plant in plant science research is its small genome size. It has only five chromosomes with 157 million base pairs (Bennet et al., 2003) and the genetic and physical maps of all five genes are available. This is useful for genetic sequencing and mapping. In fact the first plant genomes sequenced were of A. thaliana in the year 2000 where 115.4 mega bases of the 125mb genome were sequenced (â€Å"Analysis of the genome sequence of the f lowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana†, 2000). Such information provides the basis of understanding molecular biology of many plant traits and research has defined the functions of its 27,000 genes and the 35,000 proteins they encode (Integr8, 2011). In addition, A. thaliana has a short life cycle (six weeks from seed germination to seed maturation), has prolific seed production and the plant can be easily cultivated in restricted space. A. thaliana can be efficiently transformed with Agrobacterium and large number of mutants is available (www.arabidopsis.org). This plant has thus become valuable in genome projects and facilitates molecular level understanding of the biology of a flowering plant. Since Arabidopsis thaliana is similar to many other plants, it is believed that the properties found in Arabidopsis likely to be found in other flowering plants too. Therefore analyzing the structure and functions about Arabidopsis genes will pave the pathway to study about other plant species. Arabidopsis Information Resources (TAIR), located in Carnegie Institute for Science Department of Plant Biology, USA maintain a genetic and molecular biology database of A. thaliana (www.arabidopsis.org). TAIR includes data on complete genome sequence with gene structure, gene product information, metabolism and gene expression, genome maps, genetic and physi